Inleiding

Goede morgen allemaal op deze maandagmorgen 10 maart 2025. Dat was een prima voorjaarsweekeinde en om een beetje in de zonnige stemming te blijven dit liedje: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUg7OO1gZk0 Lekkere muziek uit 1979, ik was toen 20 jaar oud. Maar nu naar de bijgesloten ´kennisparel´ van vandaag. Daarin wordt een handzaam, voor de praktijk, systematisch overzicht gegeven rond het concept van ´Focused Deterrence´, in Nederland bekend als gerichte afschrikstrategieën – ook bekend als ‘pulling levers’– benaderingen.

Die interventie bestaat dus uit geconcentreerde afschrikking die gericht is op (jonge en jong volwassen) veelplegers of recidivisten. Deze strategieën combineren strikte handhaving / controle met verbeterde toegang tot praktische en sociale ondersteuning, soms ook wel een ‘wortel-en-stok’-benadering genoemd. Een relatief klein aantal overtreders is verantwoordelijk voor een onevenredig groot deel van de criminaliteit en deze overtreders zijn vaak betrokken bij crimineel actieve groepen. Er is veelal sprake van crimineel groepsgedrag.

Belangrijk bij de gerichte afschrikkingsstrategie is het analytisch werk (criminaliteitsanalyse) om de meest problematisch overtreders te identificeren, het rechtstreeks met die overtreders te communiceren en een scala aan ondersteuningsopties te ontwikkelen. Deze omvatten toegang tot diensten (opleiding, werk, vrije tijdbesteding), betrokkenheid van de lokale gemeenschap en strafrechtelijke processen (OM en reclassering), met het oog op het verminderen van crimineel gedrag voor specifieke soorten criminaliteit. Een prima strategie die ook Nederland (in kader aanpak harde kern / programma Preventie met Gezag) verder vorm gegeven kan worden. Het blijkt namelijk dat die strategie effectief is bij het terugdringen van recidive en specifieke criminaliteitstypen.

Bron

Glendinning, Freya (March 2025). Focused Deterrence Delivery Guidance: How to deliver focused deterrence to keep children and young people safe from involvement in serious violence. London: Youth Endowment Fund, 61 pp. https://youthendowmentfund.org.uk/reports/focused-deterrence-guidance/

Summary

This report offers practical guidance to help organisations deliver effective and equitable focused deterrence (FD) in England and Wales. This guidance is aimed at the delivery of FD programmes to reduce serious violence that involves children and young people. It also acknowledges the role of influential older associates, including adults, who may be contributing to or influencing violent behaviour. This guidance will be most applicable to FD programmes addressing serious violence involving individuals or groups. Insights provided may not fully apply to other applications of FD, such as for drug markets or intimate partner violence.

Focused deterrence is an approach to violence reduction that was developed in Boston (USA) in the mid-1990s. It recognises that most serious violence is associated with a small group of people who are themselves very likely to be victims of violence, trauma, and extremely challenging circumstances. Their involvement in violence is often driven by exploitation, victimisation and self-protection. Some versions of focused deterrence, including the original “Boston Ceasefire” intervention of the 1990s, focus primarily on groups rather than individuals. This guidance report draws upon the best available global evidence on FD. This includes the YEF Toolkit strand on FD, which is based on a rigorous, independent, systematic review of 24 studies.

These approaches recognise that violence is often driven by conflict between groups. If two groups are engaged in violent conflict, focusing on the individuals who have committed violent crimes is unlikely to prevent future conflict between other members in the groups. Focused deterrence attempts to identify the people most likely to be involved in violence and support them to desist. The age of the people involved depends on the context and the crime problem identified but projects have worked with children as young as 14 or 15. For example, the average age of participants in a focused deterrence project in Glasgow was 16.

It combines several core strategies.

Focused deterrence usually includes a combination of the following steps.

  1. The approach begins by identifying a specific problem – such as knife crime, violent conflict between groups, or drug dealing – as the target for intervention. A dedicated project team is formed which includes the police and law enforcement, social services, and the local community.
  2. The team combines their knowledge of the selected crime problem and identifies the people involved.
  3. The team begin to directly and frequently communicate with the people involved in the crime problem. Programmes might start this communication at a ‘call-in’ meeting. The meeting often involves gathering together people from rival conflicting groups, the parents of victims of violence, police and other law enforcement agencies, social services, and community representatives. The team will emphasize that the affected community needs violence to stop and wants those involved to be safe. The team will offer help and access to positive opportunities and services, and make explicit the (sometimes new) consequences that will follow violence.
  4. The project team continue to develop relationships with the people targeted by the approach. This could involve members of the local community coming together to work out how best to provide support. Or the team could help participants with access to services like education, training, housing, healthcare, and treatment for substance misuse.
  5. If the people involved do not desist from violence, the project team could enforce sanctions. This could include increased police presence and surveillance, arrest and swift prosecution for minor offences, disruption of illegal money-making activity, or attention to driving transgressions or unpaid fines.

Different focused deterrence models vary in how much they emphasize different stages of this process. Models which emphasize enforcement might focus on using ‘call-in’ meetings to communicate the consequences of violence and taking swift action if the people involved do not desist. Other models might not use ‘call-in’ meetings at all, have minimal emphasis on enforcement, and instead emphasize developing relationships, rehabilitation and early intervention.

There are several potential explanations why focused deterrence could prevent serious crime and violence. The involvement of the community and social services could provide positive routes away from crime and violence. The potential for targeted, swift and certain sanctions might act as a deterrent. The people who are the focus of the approach might not understand the legal consequences of their actions – simply informing them of those realities might have an impact. Finally, collaboration between the community and police could develop relationships and legitimacy, improving the efficacy of future crime prevention activity.

Our estimate is based on a review of 24 studies which suggests that, on average, focused deterrence strategies reduced crime by 33%. Many of the studies included in this review had a specific focus on violent crime as an outcome. The strongest crime reduction impacts were found in 12 studies on programmes designed to reduce serious violence generated by conflict between groups. Interventions targeting individuals and drug markets had smaller but still positive impacts.

Afsluitend

Gerichte afschrikking is dus een effectieve strategie voor criminaliteitspreventie die afschrikking combineert door het verhogen van de snelheid en zekerheid van de straf, samen met het mobiliseren van actieve participatie en samenwerking uit de (lokale) gemeenschap tegen (georganiseerde) misdaad en het bieden van sociale ondersteuning en diensten om beschermende factoren te vergroten. Gerichte afschrikking is gericht op het terugdringen van specifieke vormen van criminaliteit door jongeren die er vaak bij betrokken zijn, bijvoorbeeld degenen die betrokken zijn bij bende gerelateerde misdrijven of (georganiseerde) drugshandel. Daarmee biedt deze ´kennisparel´ naar mijn mening prima gevalideerde kennis en handvaten om Nederlandse gemeenten, in het kader van het langjarige programma Preventie met Gezag,bij hun op deze groep gerichte aanpak ondersteuning te bieden.

Ik vind dit persoonlijk een prima (secundair en tertiair) dadergerichte preventieve interventie die mogelijkerwijs ook in Nederland meer navolging kan vinden. Alweer een ´kennisparel´ om van te leren, ook binnen de Nederlandse context van de aanpak van ´harde en ernstige jeugdcriminaliteit´. Het is trouwens goed om te weten dat het met de jeugdcriminaliteit In Nederland meer dan de goede richting opgaat: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314371520_PowerPoint_presentatie_Jeugdcriminaliteit_in_Nederland_de_stand-van-zaken_in_2024

Onderstaande punten zijn van belang bij de implementatie van de strategie van geconcentreerde afschrikking:

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